The following post is reprinted from the January–February issue of LCM, the Library of Congress Magazine. The issue is available in its entirety online.
Thoughts on the Works of Providence
ARISE, my soul, on wings enraptur’d, rise
To praise the monarch of the earth and skies,
Whose goodness and beneficence appear
As round its centre moves the rolling year,
Or when the morning glows with rosy charms,
Or the sun slumbers in the ocean’s arms:
Of light divine be a rich portion lent
To guide my soul, and favour my intent.
Celestial muse, my arduous flight sustain
And raise my mind to a seraphic strain!—Phillis Wheatley, from Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral
Phillis Wheatley’s Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral—one of the signal moments in American letters—was originally published overseas, in London, in 1773. Contemporaries considered Wheatley a prodigy, and the collection, published when she was about 20, marked a milestone: the first volume of poetry by an African-American ever published.
Born in the Senegambia of West Africa, Wheatley was sold into slavery and transported to Boston at age 7 or 8. Prosperous merchant John Wheatley purchased her for his wife Susanna in 1761, and she was soon copying the English alphabet on a wall in chalk. Rather than fearing her precociousness, the Wheatleys encouraged it, allowing daughter Mary to tutor Phillis in reading and writing. She also studied English literature, Latin and the Bible—a strong education for any 18th-century woman. Wheatley’s first published poem, “On Messrs. Hussey and Coffin,” appeared in Rhode Island’s Newport Mercury newspaper in 1767, when she was about 14.
Freed by the Wheatley family, Wheatley sailed to London in 1773. Despite unsuccessful efforts to print Poems on Various Subjects in America, Wheatley found patronage to publish her work in Selina Hastings, countess of Huntingdon. She returned to Boston triumphant, only to be forced to defend the authorship of her poetry in court, under the examination of such Boston luminaries as John Hancock and Gov. Thomas Hutchinson. The committee’s acknowledgement of her authorship, with a signed testimonial, was included in the 1787 Philadelphia-printed edition.
In 1776, she sent her poem “To his Excellency General Washington,” later published in the Pennsylvania Magazine, to Washington, then commander in chief of the Continental Army. Washington thanked her for the poem in a letter:
“I thank you most sincerely for your polite notice of me, in the elegant Lines you enclosed; and however undeserving I may be of such encomium and panegyrick, the style and manner exhibit a striking proof of your great poetical Talents. … I would have published the Poem, had I not been apprehensive, that, while I only meant to give the World this new instance of your genius, I might have incurred the imputation of Vanity.”
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More information on Phillis Wheatley can be found in the Library’s Today in History Archive.
Comments (2)
This is a beautiful article about Phyllis Wheatley, but I’m concerned about the comment at the beginning of paragraph three: “Freed by her family . . .”
The previous paragraph says: “Born in the Senegambia of West Africa, Wheatley was sold into slavery and transported to Boston at age 7 or 8. Prosperous merchant John Wheatley purchased her for his wife Susanna in 1761. . . ”
However kind and supportive the Wheatley family may have been, they were not Phyllis’s family, they owned her for twelve years.
The article goes on to say that when she was freed in
1773 she sailed to London. That doesn’t suggest to me that she considered the Wheatley’s her family.
Isn’t this the kind of euphemistic language that has gotten us into the pickle we’re in with race relations? Confederate reminiscers keep pushing the slaves were treated like family narrative, but it’s an injustice. They were slaves, not family.
Many thanks for your thoughtful comment and for bringing this to our attention. I’ve edited the third paragraph so it now begins, more accurately, “Freed by the Wheatley family” instead of “Freed by her family.”
All best,
Anne
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