Part II of this post highlights aspects of language translation that attenuated Spanish aims in the Philippines: the persistence of local scripts and pronunciation, and pre-Hispanic cultural concepts.
Part I of this post looks at how the establishment of a Spanish presence in the Philippines during the 16th-18th centuries was a collaborative enterprise that involved the interests of various actors: Chinese, prominent locals and Spanish.
This blogpost looks at a newly digitized collection of 19th-century Malay letters from rulers to William Farquhar, Resident of Singapore, tracing its provenance to Alfred North and the Wilkes Expedition.