Not long ago, I wrote a post on this blog about the use of spectral evidence in a criminal trial. Spectral evidence was testimony in which witnesses claimed that the accused appeared to them and did them harm in a dream or a vision. The Court of Oyez and Terminer that presided over the Salem witch trials permitted this form of evidence to be presented in support of accusations of witchcraft. According to Reverend John Hale, who witnessed those proceedings, the court based its decision to use spectral evidence on the opinion of Matthew Hale, one of the leading legal authorities in England. In this post, I take a look at the case that the Salem judges relied on and the record of the instructions Matthew Hale gave in that trial.
The trial was one of two well-known witch trials ending in conviction that took place in Bury St. Edmunds, England, in the mid-17th century. The earlier trial, which was instigated by Matthew Hopkins, sometimes called the Witchfinder General, resulted in the execution of 18 people on a single day, August 27, 1645. That trial is a story for another post. The case that Matthew Hale presided over took place some 17 years later from March 10-13, 1662, and it dealt with charges of witchcraft against two women from Lowestoft, a town in Suffolk some 50 miles from Bury St. Edmunds. Their names were Amy Duney and Rose Cullender. Neighbors leveled a number of accusations against these two women; chief among them, that they had bewitched their children, and that these enchantments led to the death of a child in one case.
Title page of “A Tryal of Witches at the Assizes held at Bury St. Edmunds in 1682.” The title page gives the incorrect year of 1664. The correct year, 1662, is mentioned in original records of the indictments. Photo by Ellie Korres.
The trial is recorded in an anonymous pamphlet published in 1682. (It can be found online here.) In a brief foreward, the author explains that he chose to make the story public so that people could see the awkward situation it created: on the one hand, many people at the time of the pamphlet’s writing doubted that witchcraft was real, and implicitly that it should form the basis of any criminal charge; on the other hand, several highly influential men were involved in this trial – namely Hale, who was the Chief Baron of the Exchequer at the time of the trial; the medical doctor and philosopher Thomas Browne; and Sir John Kelyng, who became Chief Justice of the King’s Bench only three years after the trial. Was the trial an embarrassment? Or on the contrary does the weight of tradition force conclusions such as the ones Hale arrived at in that courtroom? Or both?
In the pamphlet’s record of his instructions, Hale explained crisply that the jury must consider only “first, whether or no these children were bewitched, [and] secondly, whether the prisoners at bar were guilty of it.” He stated that the question of whether witchcraft is real was not under discussion, since its existence was recognized in the Bible, and Parliament had already recognized its reality in several criminal statutes. He pointed out that, “the wisdom of all nations had provided laws against such persons [witches], which is an argument of their confidence of such a crime.” (A Tryal of Witches, p. 55)
The crime of witchcraft was certainly spelled out in a number of statutes, but it was no simple matter to decide how to prove that a given ill effect was caused by a particular person’s specific act of witchcraft. The nature of witchcraft allegedly depended on occult forces, both invisible and untraceable by direct evidence. What sort of evidence could then support a conviction? (Gaskill, p. 40)
The pamphlet does not directly record Hale’s answer to this question. Indirectly, one can see the kind of evidence that he admitted: testimony by the parents of the injured children stating that they came into verbal conflict with the accused and that the accused made statements threatening the health of their children and in one case the life of a child; testimony by the parents stating that they witnessed paranormal events that they could connect to the accused; testimony by the parents regarding the children’s abnormal psychic and physical states following verbal altercations with the accused; and physical evidence of pins and nails allegedly vomited by the children. The court also permitted the parents to recount that the children had visions of the accused entering their homes and standing menacingly at the foot or head of their beds.
The children were permitted to speak and to give testimony at the trial. One of the afflicted, an eighteen-year-old girl, reported having visions of Rose Cullender, who appeared to her in her home – one time trying to lure her out of the house, another time at the foot of her bed, and another time appearing with a large dog. In addition to these visions, she suffered violent fits, that included temporary blindness and vomiting metal pins. This young woman came to court with the intention to testify, but briefly “fell into her fits” and was removed from the court until she could regain her self-possession. When she returned and was sworn in, she appeared entranced again and “shrieking out in a miserable manner” only repeated, “burn her, burn her, burn her.” Hale advised the jury at the end of the trial to allow the evidence to stand as presented. (A Tryal of Witches, p. 55)
Matthew Hale, 1609-1676. Engraving by Thomas Phillibrown, likely mid-19th century (no date recorded). [Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division]
Thomas Browne made a statement in which he acknowledged the reality of witchcraft, and proposed that the devil has the ability to influence the humors of the body to produce physical illness and that he does so at the behest of witches. (A Tryal of Witches, pp. 41-42)
John Kelyng made a statement in which he acknowledged that the children were bewitched, but he objected that the evidence from the children’s imagination was insufficient for a conviction. He argued that if it were accepted, “no person whatsoever can be in safety, for perhaps they might fancy another person who might altogether be innocent in such matters.” (A Tryal of Witches, p. 40)
Rose Cullender and Amy Duney maintained their innocence throughout the trial and after their conviction. They died on March 17, 1662, by hanging.
Matthew Hale was one of the most influential legal authors of the 17th century. In his lifetime, he published books on the subjects of religion and science. His legal works were published posthumously but became a crucial resource in the decades after his death. The Law Library owns a significant collection of the books he authored in various editions.
Secondary Sources:
Darr, Orna Alyagon. “Experiments in the Courtroom: Social Dynamics and Spectacles of Proof in Early Modern English Witch Trials.” Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 39, No. 1 (Winter 2014), pp. 152-175.
Gaskill, Malcolm. “Witchcraft and Evidence in Early Modern England.” Past & Present, No. 198 (Feb. 2008), pp. 33-70.
Geis, Gilbert. “Lord Hale, Witches, and Rape.” British Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Summer 1978), pp. 26-44.
Holmes, Clive. “Women: Witnesses and Witches.” Past & Present, No. 140 (Aug. 1993), pp. 45-78.
Huebert, Ronald. “The Private Opinions of Sir Thomas Browne.” Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Winter, 2005, Vol. 45, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter 2005), pp. 117-134.
July 7, 2022 at 3:20 pm
I would be interested to know if thereis any possibility to get a modern trans script of above book; Tryal os Wiches . Iam From Finland and as a child after the ww2 lived in a town or city callad Vasa, that was the new Vasa, the ols Wasa ,50% swedish speaking was a hot spot for witch trials and burnings in the 17thcentury.- People
there still spoke of it (with horror. on behalf of the poor women ) On easter saturday it was a custom that girls put on long skirts and had A BROOM (it was thought that witches rode on their brooms to consort with the devil). We also used make up to look more witchy.