As we mentioned earlier this summer, counterfeiting was a huge problem in the years after the Civil War, when the nation struggled to establish a single paper currency. This led to the creation of the U.S. Secret Service to track down counterfeiters and, in turn, to the agency compiling what we now call mug shots.
The Library acquired more than 1,200 of these from the collection of ace counterfeiting detective Bill Kennoch, and they are a marvelous glimpse at how we lived and looked in days gone by. (These fall into the Library’s Free to Use and Reuse category, as they are copyright free and yours to use in any way you wish.)
Since counterfeiting was more fraud than violent crime, almost anyone could play a role in it, from making false bills or coins, distributing them in bulk or just passing them off as legit currency in a dry goods store.
This meant, as evidenced by the photographs, that it was open to young and old, rich and poor, men and women, and any and all races and ethnic groups. Most of these were small-time practitioners of the trade, not the type of outlaw that mobilized manhunts and generated headlines.
The aging Orvill Ball did not achieve any worldly renown before or after being picked up in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The back of the card, where agents often scribbled the charges against the accused, only has his name and that of the photographer. Still, for this moment in time, he did cut quite the figure with that head of hair, whether it was all his or not.
Mark Michaelson, the collector and author of “Least Wanted: A Century of American Mugshots,” a 2006 photo book, described these sorts of small timers to the New York Times this way:
“I started to figure out I wasn’t interested in famous criminals or people who’d committed big crimes or very violent crimes. I wanted the small-time people, petty crooks who just fell through the cracks. Instead of being the most wanted, these were the least wanted.”
The Kennoch collection photographs of these least (or somewhat) wanted cover a range about 30 years, from roughly 1860 to 1890, an era when modern criminology was in its infancy. Police around the world had dabbled in using photographs in crime investigations since the 1840s, but it was a French police official, Alphonse Bertillon, who formalized the mug shot in Paris in the early 1880s.
Bertillon used one shot of the suspect facing the camera, the second in profile, and attached these images to a sheet of information about the suspect, most notably several physical measurements that were meant to augment identification. The fingerprint eclipsed most of the other physical measurements a few decades later, leading to the standards still in use today.
The U.S. Secret Service, though, had no standard police cameras. Instead, agents hustled the accused over to the nearest portrait photography studio, where they sat for photos that were usually for cartes de visite, or society calling cards. Such a photograph would have otherwise been a special occasion, if not for the fact that many of the sitters were headed to prison.
So, who among us cannot sympathize with the accused John Duffy? He was arrested in Philadelphia, walked over to have his picture taken … only to blissfully close his eyes, as if he’d just dozed off, when the camera snapped his picture. The man seems peaceful and serene, even while getting booked.
Not everyone seemed harmless. Nickolas E. Cooper was picked up in Michigan for counterfeiting coins. Police started tracking him in Bay City, but only caught up with him in Detroit. Things got ugly. From the brief narrative on the back of the photo: “Went violently insane put into Lunatic Asylum at Pontiac, Michigan. Doctor states that the man is not crazy, only playing it.”
Those eyes, though. They have a glint. It’s the kind of thing you remember, even a century and a half later.
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Comments (5)
It is interesting that our Library of Congress can archive historical events and people who were criminals and photographed each arrested individual.
Years ago I had visited the Library of Congress and had a library card but I I never got back but I was impressed with everything and everyone. I graduated with a B.A. in Library Science and worked in a Public library all Highschool and college and School Library in the Elementary Middle school and High school 30 years plus 10 years as a principal I have so much to be grateful I love libraries. Keep up the amazing work
It has been decades since I visited the LoC. Since the advent of the internet, the information we are now privy to is simply amazing. Photos such as those shown and billions of other documents and photos are meticulously preserved to teach and show our history. I could spend the rest of my life researching our history, and barely scratch the surface (I’m 73).
History can be beautiful, benign, or ugly, but it’s ours, and we should have a reverence for it and deep gratitude for those who preserve it for us and future generations. First-hand accounts of events and writings from those whom we’ve rarely, if ever, known about, pictures of Indigenous people, immigrants at Ellis Island, and other ports of entry that have added so much to our national identity await the curious. Handwritten letters from the Civil War and other conflicts show us the “common” soldiers of the time, their fears, their hopes, and their love for their families from both sides of the conflict are preserved for us to peruse, and get a glimpse of the fear, tragedy, and unfailing devotion for their causes. Often quite eloquent, but the ones that draw my attention are the ones that are written in pencil, complete with misspellings, and a basic structure from men who barely had any education, can show us all what conflicts do to people, in terms that are amenable to all of us living today. Generals and admirals get all of the recognition, but the Private or Sergeant knits it all together; they bore the brunt of the fighting.
The LoC is more than a Library, seeing the picture of an indigenous brave, with his wife and children, the faces, solid with integrity, allow us to realize the injustice placed upon these people. A shackled Black family, up for auction, standing on a wooden platform as “buyers” haggle over the “price” of human beings, shows us the shame we should all feel, that human lives have no “price”.
Few places on earth can compete with the Library of Congress, and it is for us and future generations to preserve this monument to knowledge.
It would be great if this was actually one of the collections in the Free to Use and Reuse category. Even better if this article suggested where to actually find these photos (Finally found 67 images in the Photo, Print Drawing section by searching “mug shot”). What a wonderful resource!
Heavens, I thought I had included the direct link in the story! It’s been updated to include, and here it is again: https://www.loc.gov/search/?fa=partof%3Alot+15386&st=gallery
All the images are copyright free, and thus free to use.
Cheers, and thanks for letting me know,
Neely
In ’88, a desk clerk thought that my subject was too esoteric, so he gave me a stack pass!! What was the subject? College football ..